The Caledonian Orogeny produced highlands (Southern Uplands, Anglo-Brabant, Welsh) by crustal shortening and uplift. Post orogenic granite blocks such as the Alston and Askrigg were also emergent. These persisted while crustal extension in the early Carboniferous created a series of rift basins around them. When rifting slowed the thermal relaxation of the crust led to thermal sag basins.
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